Multiple Beam Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output System

ABSTRACT

Example embodiments are directed towards beam formation matching for communications between a receiver and transmitter in a multiple beam Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Example embodiments are directed to a receive beam formation logic, foruse in a receiver, and a transmit beam formation logic, for use in atransmitter, for beam formation matching for communications between thetransmitter and the receiver in a multiple beam Multiple Input MultipleOutput (MIMO) system.

BACKGROUND

Beamforming is a signal processing technique used to control thedirectionality of the transmission and reception of a radio signal. Thiscan be achieved via phased antenna arrays, whereby the signal at eacharray element is phase shifted so that the combined signal of an arrayat a particular angle is either constructively or destructively combinedto induce spatial selectivity. By controlling the directional pattern ofantennas, beamforming can improve signal quality at an intended receiverwhile reducing unintended interference to/from other directions. Thus,beamforming has found numerous applications in radar, sonar, wirelesscommunications, radio astronomy, and acoustics. In particular, this isperformed in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication technology,whose operating bands include higher frequencies (e.g., millimeterwavebands) with unattractive attenuation characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of the example embodiments, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to thesame parts throughout the different views. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingthe example embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a system overview of a multiple beam MIMO system, according tosome of the example embodiments;

FIGS. 2-5 are examples of subframes carrying reference signalconfigurations that may be repeated in time or frequency, according tosome of the example embodiments;

FIG. 6 is an example configuration of a receiver, according to some ofthe example embodiments;

FIG. 7 is an example configuration of a transmitter, according to someof the example embodiments;

FIG. 8 is an example configuration of hardware resources which may beprovided in any nodes or logic, according to some of the exampleembodiments;

FIG. 8A is an example configuration of a user equipment, according tosome of the example embodiments;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting example operations that can beperformed by the system of FIG. 1, according to some of the exampleembodiments;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram depicting example operations that can beperformed by the receiver of FIG. 6, according to some of the exampleembodiments; and

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram depicting example operations that can beperformed by the transmitter of FIG. 7, according to some of the exampleoperations.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation and notlimitation, specific details are set forth, such as particularcomponents, elements, techniques, etc. to provide an understanding ofthe example embodiments. However, the example embodiments may bepracticed in other manners that depart from these specific details. Inother instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods andelements are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the exampleembodiments.

System Overview: Example embodiments are directed to a receive beamformation logic, for use in a receiver, and a transmit beam formationlogic, for use in a transmitter, for beam formation matching forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver in a multiplebeam Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system.

Communication systems, such as, for example, 4G or 5G systems, cansupport high data-rate and high fidelity applications, which may beachieved by spatial multiplexing of independent data streams and spatialdiversity of the same data stream, respectively. Simultaneoustransmission of multiple beamformed signals enables such spatialmultiplexing and spatial diversity. Specifically, spatial multiplexingmay be achieved with multiple transmit beams where each beam may carry adistinct set of one or more signal layers (or streams), while spatialdiversity may be achieved with multiple beams where a plurality of beamsmay carry the same signal layer. Such MIMO transmission based onmultiple beams is known as multiple beam MIMO.

While beamforming itself can be performed in MIMO systems, multiple beamMIMO is a fairly new discipline. Multi-beam transmission introduces achallenge for beamforming-capable receivers. Specifically, a phasedantenna array may have to decide which beam pattern to use when multiplebeamformed signals arrive at its Field of View (FOV) and not at the FOVsof other arrays of the receiver. A phased antenna array has a limitedFOV, defined as the angular span over which the main lobe of the arraycan be directed. For practical reasons such as cost, size, and powerconsumption, a receiver may be constrained to employ just enough phasedantenna arrays such that a range of Angle of Arrival (AoA) is covered bya limited number of, or even only one, array(s). This constraint isparticularly relevant for mobile terminals, otherwise known as UserEquipment (UE) in 5G terminology.

A challenge in multi-beam transmission can be illustrated with a simpleexample. Assume that a receiver employs two antenna arrays, each with a180° FOV in azimuth and elevation, such that the two FOVs cover theentire sphere of reception angles and do not overlap with each other. Atransmitter may use one transmission (Tx) beam, in which case the signalarrives at one of the two receiving (Rx) antenna arrays. Then the arraycan simply follow the classical beamforming procedure, directing themain lobe (beam) toward an angle according to an optimization criterion,such as, for example, maximization of received signal quality or energy.If a higher data rate is desired and the channel condition issufficiently favourable, the transmitter may use two spatially decoupledTx beams to transmit two spatially multiplexed signal streams to thereceiver. The channel between the transmitter and the receiver may besuch that the two beamformed signals arrive at only one of the tworeceiver antenna arrays, with a significant AoA separation. Thechallenge lies in capturing both of the signals at the receiver.

Thus, example embodiments can provide a transmitter and receiver systemthat enables a beamforming receiver to select an appropriate antennabeam pattern for multi-beam MIMO communications. In such a system,multiple transmit beams may carry multiple layers within onetransmission. Thus, the receiver is to be in position to match theplurality of transmit beams with a corresponding plurality of receivebeams. Therefore, the example embodiments are directed towards bilateralbeamforming where both a transmitter and a receiver will performbeamforming to enable communications in a multi-beam MIMO system.

Some example embodiments can have the advantage of providing increasedcommunications quality in multiple beam MIMO systems by providing asystem that allows for efficient beamforming on both the transmitter andreceiver side. Furthermore, a communication system utilizing the exampleembodiments may support multi-beam transmission and reception to achievehigher data rates and/or higher fidelity than is possible withsingle-beam transmission and reception.

FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-beam MIMO system 100, according to theexample embodiments. The system 100 comprises a transmitter 101 andreceiver 201 pair. The transmitter-receiver pair may comprise of a basestation-user equipment, user equipment-user equipment, basestation-wireless relay, or a macro base station-pico base stationpairing.

The transmitter 101 features a plurality of transmitting antennas 103a-103 m. The transmitter 101 is configured to transmit multiple signallayers with multiple beams, where each transmit beam may carry adifferent set of layers. The transmitted signal layers are sent to areceiver 201. The receiver 201 comprises a plurality of receivingantennas 203 a-203 m to receive the multi-beam MIMO communicationsprovided by the transmitter 101. According to some of the exampleembodiments, the transmitting and receiving antennas are directionalphased array antennas.

A “layer” is a logically distinct subset of a signal set that may beindependently transmitted. A “beam” refers to a main-lobe of an antennaradiation pattern. Thus a beam represents a direction that thetransmitter/receiver focuses on for transmitting/receiving signals. Ingeneral, the relationship between layers and beams can be many-to-many.In the context of multi-beam MIMO, each Tx beam may be used to transmitone (single polarized antennas) or two layers (cross polarized antennas)of signal.

The transmitter 101 further comprises a transmit beamforming logic 105.The transmit beamforming logic 105 determines a beam formation for eachtransmitting beam. Beam formation refers to the radiation pattern, orthe combination thereof, of the transmitting beams. Each beam formationmay comprise one or more beams or main-lobes. Similarly, the receiver201 comprises a receiving beamforming logic 205. The receivingbeamforming logic 205 is also configured to determine a beam formationfor receiving data from the transmitter 101.

According to some of the example embodiments, the transmitter 101 willtransmit a plurality of reference signal configurations to the receiver201. The plurality of transmitted reference signal configurations arecarried by distinct beam formations. A reference signal configuration isa signal pattern occupying a known set of frequency-time resources,carried by a distinct transmit beam.

The receiver 201, via the receiving beamforming logic 205, willdetermine corresponding receiving beam formations used to receive thetransmitted signals. The determination of which receiving beamformations correspond to a particular transmitting beam formation isbased on a beam acquisition in which channel conditions for varioustransmitting and receiving beam formation pairs are measured. Theresults of such a beam acquisition may be compiled and stored within thereceiver. According to some of the example embodiments, the results maybe in the form of weightings or rankings of receiving beam formationsfor each corresponding transmitting beam formation.

The receiver 201, via the receive beam formation logic 205, willthereafter determine channel conditions for each of the differentcombinations of the transmitting and corresponding receiving beamformations based on the reference signal configurations. Based on thedetermined channel conditions, the receive beam formation logic 205 willmake a recommendation regarding which transmitting beam formation thetransmitter should use for communications between the transmitter 101and the receiver 201.

A reference signal, for example, a Beamforming Reference Signal (BRS) ora Channel State Information—Reference Signal (CSI-RS), is a generic termand is typically used to cover a broad range of meaning. For example,CSI-RS may mean the whole set of CSI-RSs in one subframe, the wholeclass of CSI-RS in general, one particular CSI-RS configuration, or evena single Resource Element (RE) member of a CSI-RS.

A CSI-RS “configuration” is a group of CSI-RS REs that corresponds to asingle transmit beam pattern. Multiple configurations may be assigned ina single CSI-RS symbol. An aspect of some of the example embodiments isto repeat at least some of the CSI-RS configurations (hence beampatterns) over multiple CSI-RS symbols, so that the receiver can trymultiple receive beam patterns for a given CSI-RS configuration.

The remainder of the description is presented as follows. First, thebeam acquisition stage will be discussed in greater detail under theheading ‘Beam Acquisition’. Thereafter, the process of how the receivebeam formation logic 205 determines a recommended transmitting beamformation is discussed under the heading ‘Beam Matching’. Thereafter,example node configurations of the receiving and transmit beam formationlogic is provided under the heading ‘Example Configuration’. Exampleoperations of the receiving and transmit beam formation logic isprovided under the heading ‘Example Operations’ and various workingexamples are provided under the heading ‘Working Examples’.

Beam Acquisition: According to some of the example embodiments, as afirst stage a beam acquisition process may be utilized to testrepresentative combinations of transmitting and receiving beamformations. According to some of the example embodiments, the beamacquisition process may take place in a periodic and/or aperiodicmanner. Periodic beam acquisition may be based on a reference signalconfiguration, e.g. beamforming reference signal (BRS), with the periodconfigured to match the expected time duration in which the spatialchannel structure remains stable. Aperiodic beam acquisition may betriggered during an initial attach and/or after a change in measuredchannel conditions between the transmitter and receiver has occurred.

Periodic coarse beam matching may be based on BRS with longer periods.This BRS-based search (acquisition) may be “global” searches overcandidate pairs of single Tx beam and single Rx beam. Periodic fine beammatching (tracking) and Channel State Information (CSI) reporting may bebased on CSI-RS with shorter periods. This CSI-RS-based search wouldcomprise “local” searches over candidate pairs of Tx beam patterns andRx beam patterns. The Tx beam patterns would be selected from a subsetof the transmit beams, based on the receiver feedback from theacquisition, and may comprise different number of beams (differentnumber of layers).

In one example, BRS-based global search may be done with single Tx-beam& single Rx-beam patterns at each antenna array, and received power maybe measured. Then CSI-RS-based local search may be done with multipleCSI-RS symbols, where single Tx-beam and dual Tx-beams may be used.Based on the BRS-based beam-pair matching data and CSI-RS beam indicatorfrom the transmitter, the receiver can deduce what beam patterns to tryat each CSI-RS symbol. The receiver would estimate channel quality foreach CSI-RS and can recommend how many Tx-beams to use, or equivalentlyhow many layers to transmit simultaneously.

The Tx-Rx beam pair acquisition, for determining initial Tx and Rx beamssuitable for transmission and reception, may be done based on theBeamforming Reference Signals (BRS), Channel State Information—ReferenceSignals (CSI-RS) or any other reference signal known in the art.Following a beam pair matching strategy, the transmitter may cyclethrough different Tx beams over time and/or frequency, and the receivermay cycle through different Rx beams over time and/or frequency. Toachieve sufficiently large cell coverage, it may be desirable for boththe transmitter and the receiver to adopt single-main-lobe pattern atthe antennas during an acquisition process. The receiver may optionallysignal to the transmitter an indication of its beamforming capability,i.e. whether or not the receiver supports beamforming or onlyomnidirectional reception.

According to some of the example embodiments, channel conditions may bemeasured for each of the possible combinations of the transmitting andreceiving beam formations. Examples of channel condition measurementsmay comprise a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Reference SignalReceived Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ),Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR),Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise plusDistortion ratio (SNDR), as well as any other channel or signal metricknown in the art.

The measured channel conditions may be stored within the receiver 201 orreceive beam formation logic 205. The stored data may be sorted suchthat for a given transmitting beam formation, corresponding receivingbeam formation(s) yielding the most favourable measured channelconditions may be correlated.

Beam Matching: Throughout communications between the transmitter 101 andreceiver 201, beam matching is performed to improve the quality ofcommunications between the two. The beam matching may be performedperiodically, where the period is typically shorter than the beamacquisition period. According to some of the example embodiments, thebeam matching may be performed before every subframe or before a setnumber of subframes, for example, before every 5 subframes. Thefrequency of performing beam matching can be decided by the network andmay depend on the expected stability of the communication channel.

The Tx-Rx beam matching, for keeping desirable beam pair(s) up-to-datewith respect to variation in time, may be done based on the CSI-RS. Fortracking purposes, CSI-RS offers an advantage over BRS in the sense that(1) BRS may be reserved for single-main-lobe patterns for coveragereasons, while a set of CSI-RS may be transmitted and received with anysingle- or multi-main-lobe pattern, and (2) CSI-RS can be compactlyconfigured with a selected number of candidate Tx beams and, hence, isamenable to an efficient beam pair search at the receiver. The beam pairtracking may also be based on BRS.

During the beam matching, the transmitter 101 will send variousreference signal configurations to the receiver 201. The referencesignal configurations will be transmitted using different transmittingbeam formations. As the transmitter and receiver are in a multiple beamMIMO system, at least two distinct transmitting beam formations will beutilized. Specifically, the transmitter will use at least two distinctradiation patterns in a single beam matching instance.

Prior to sending the various reference signal configurations, thetransmitter 101 will inform the receiver 201 of which transmitting beamformations will be utilized for the beam matching. The transmitter 101will inform the receiver of such information by sending beam formationidentification information to the receiver. The receiver 201 willthereafter determine the most appropriate corresponding receiving beamformations for each of the transmitting beam formations. The receiver201 will make this determination based on data obtained during the beamacquisition stage.

The receiver 201 will receive the communications provided by thetransmitter 101 with the determined corresponding receiving beamformations. Channel condition measurements will thereafter be performedfor each combination of the transmitting and receiving beam formations.The receiver will recommend a transmitting beam formation, or any numberof transmitting beam formations, to the transmitter to be used forfuture communications. The recommended transmitting beam formation(s) isthereafter sent to the transmitter via feedback messaging.

The remainder of the heading ‘Beam Matching’ is arranged as follows.First, further explanation as to what is provided for identifyingtransmitted beam formations is provided under the subheading ‘BeamFormation Identification’. Thereafter, an explanation of how referencesignal configurations are provided is discussed under the subheading‘Reference Signal Configuration Formation’. Finally, a discussion on howa recommended beam formation is determined and communicated is providedunder the subheading ‘Recommended Beam Formation and FeedbackMessaging’.

Beam Formation Identification: It should be appreciated that prior tothe receiver 201 receiving the reference signal configurations, thetransmitter will provide the receiver with beam formation identificationinformation. The receiver may use the beam formation identificationinformation to determine the appropriate receiving beam formations toapply for each respective transmitting beam formation the receiverreceives.

According to some of the example embodiments, the beam formationidentification information may comprise any one or more of (1) a numberof distinct transmitting beam formations, (2) a number of beams at eachof the transmitting beam formations, (3) one or more beam identifiersfor each of the transmitting beam formations which identifies the actualformation, (4) frequency-time structure of reference signalconfigurations, and (5) an indication of a mapping of each transmittingbeam formation to a frequency-time block of a reference signalconfiguration.

According to some of the example embodiments, the beam formationidentification information may be provided in a dynamic control messagethat may be transmitted on a per-subframe, or Transmission Time Interval(TTI), basis. An example of such a dynamic control message is a DownlinkControl Information (DCI) message or an Uplink Control Information (UCI)message. According to some of the example embodiments, the beamformation identification information may be provided via semi-staticcontrol signalling that may be sent upon the communication linkestablishment, handover, or any other long-term communications event. Anexample of such semi-static control signalling is Radio Resource Control(RRC) signalling, which may also be referred to as higher-layersignalling.

Upon receiving the beam formation identification information, thereceiver, via the receive beam formation logic, may determine acorresponding receiving beam formation to receive transmitted signals.This determination may be performed using the beam database discussedunder the heading ‘Beam Acquisition’.

Reference Signal Configuration Formation: A reference signalconfiguration is a signal pattern occupying a known set offrequency-time resources, carried by a distinct transmit beam. Thesignal being transmitted by the reference signal configuration is areference signal.

The reference signal configurations transmitted by the transmitter 101during the beam matching can comprise a repetition structure to enablethe receiver 201 to perform receiving beam adaptation for differenttransmission ranks, for example, between single-main-lobe beam patternsand multiple-main-lobe beam patterns. According to some of the exampleembodiments, the reference signal configurations may be repeated in timeand/or frequency. Alternatively, multiple transmissions may be providedby the transmitter for a single CSI-RS symbol.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example frame structure with reference signalconfigurations repeated in time. A Transmission Time Interval (TTI), ora subframe, comprises one or more symbols in time, and a transmissionbandwidth comprises one or more subcarriers in frequency. The basicresource unit that can hold a basic unit of modulated signal is aResource Element (RE), which occupies one symbol in time and onesubcarrier in frequency. This framework may be used to illustrate anywaveform whose modulated signal units can logically be represented bydistinct time-frequency positions, including orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) and its variants.

The REs may carry control signals, reference signal configurations, ordata. There may be multiple types of distinct reference signalconfigurations. According to some of the example embodiments, one typemay be designed for beamforming such as Beamforming Reference Signals(BRS). According to some of the example embodiments, another type may bedesigned for channel state information (CSI) measurements such asChannel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS). These RSs mayoccupy part or all of transmission bandwidth and one or more symbols ina subframe, and they may be allocated in a periodic or aperiodic manner.A symbol containing BRS or CSI-RS is called BRS symbol or CSI-RS symbol,respectively.

FIG. 2 illustrates two subframes 210 and 212. Subframe 210 comprisessymbols with BRS. In subframe 210 the symbols labelled ‘a’-‘d’ compriseBRS symbols which are repeated in time, while the symbol labelled ‘e’comprises a BRS symbol repeated in frequency. Subframe 212 comprisessymbols with CSI-RS. In subframe 212 the symbol labelled ‘a’ comprises aCSI-RS symbol repeated in frequency, while the symbols labelled ‘b’ and‘c’ comprise CSI-RS repeated in time.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a transmission of reference signalconfigurations that may be received by the receiver 201. In the exampleprovided by FIG. 3, the transmitter 201 uses two beams, one beamassociated with channel cluster 0 and a second beam associated withchannel cluster 1. Reference signal configurations, CSI-RS symbols, areprovided in subframe 300. The subframe 300 comprises three symbolslabelled ‘#0’-‘#2’. In symbols #1 and #2, the transmitter 101 sends twoCSI-RS signals for the transmission over channel cluster 0 that arerepeated in time. Specifically, the same CSI-RS, associated with thetransmission of channel cluster 0, is provided in symbol #2 and symbol#1. A second CS-RS symbol is provided in the symbol labelled ‘#0’ forthe transmission over channel cluster 1.

Channel cluster herein refers to a group of spatially adjacentpropagation paths that exhibit similar characteristics for the purposeof communication. Based on a beam acquisition, the transmitter wouldtypically try to identify and use transmit beams, each of which isassociated with a group of propagation paths that match with one of thechannel clusters. Thus, the goal of transmit beams selection is to havedistinct (largely uncorrelated) propagation condition for each transmitbeam.

The repetition of the CSI-RS in symbols ‘#2’ and ‘#1’ allows thereceiver to determine channel conditions for receiving channel cluster 0using different receiving beam formations. For example, for the CSI-RSprovided in symbol ‘#2’, the receiver may use a single-main-lobe beam toreceive the CSI-RS to test the data rate at a lower rank. For the CSI-RSin symbol ‘#1’ and symbol ‘#0’, the receiver may use omnidirectional ormulti-main-lobe beam pattern, which captures the strongest and secondstrongest channel clusters, respectively. Based on the Channel StateInformation (CSI) measured from all three of the symbols, the receiverrecommend a number of transmit beams or, equivalently, a transmissionrank, making a preference choice among the tested beam patterns.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, the transmitter 101 may transmit three CSI-RSsymbols to one receiver 201 in one subframe. The Tx beams of two CSI-RSsymbols may be the same to capture the strongest channel cluster. The Txbeams of the third CSI-RS symbol is used to capture the second strongestchannel cluster. The receiver may receive one CSI-RS symbol with thestrongest channel cluster with one Rx beam that is utilized for thestrongest channel cluster to test the spectrum efficiency of a singlebeam rank ½ transmission. The receiver may receive the other two CSI-RSsymbols with either omnidirectional or dual-lobe Rx beams that are usedfor both channel clusters to test the spectrum efficiency of dual beamtransmission.

According to some of the example embodiments, two CSI processes may beused for the receiver to measure the CSI, and each subframe may comprise2 CSI-RS symbols for one CSI process. The process may use the same Txbeam pattern as symbol ‘#1’ and ‘#2’ in FIG. 3, or the process may usethe same Tx beam pattern as symbol ‘#0’ and ‘#1’ in FIG. 3. Whenindicating the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) transmission,the transmitter 101 (e.g., a base station) may indicate the index of theCSI process and then the receiver 201 may have the information of the Rxbeams for this PDSCH transmission. Alternatively, the transmitter andthe receiver may select the CSI processes with the highest spectrumefficiency and the one Rx beam case may have higher priority than thedual-peak Rx beams case if the same spectrum efficiency for the twoprocesses are reported.

According to some of the example embodiments, the transmitter, or thetransmit beam formation logic, may use information bits in a DCI messageto help the receiver decide which receive beams to use at each CSI-RSsymbol. The indication for CSI-RS symbol #2 may be a single Tx beamindex or BRS port index, and the indication for CSI-RS symbols #1 and #0may be two Tx beam indexes or two BRS port indexes. The receiver can mapsuch information to appropriate receive beams based on the stored Tx/Rxbeam matching database and create a single-lobe Rx beam pattern atCSI-RS symbol #2 and a dual-lobe Rx at CSI-RS symbols #1 and #0.

While the transmitter may not provide a direct identification of thereception beams, or their indexes, such information may be implied. Theindication of the transmit beam index(es) or BRS port index(es) as wellas indication or pre-agreement on the number of receive beams at eachCSI-RS symbols do provide an indirect indication or a recommendation onwhich receive beams to use.

According to some of the example embodiments, the transmitter mayindicate the Tx beam for the receiver to look up Rx beam for each CSI-RSsymbol from the beam database maintained by the receiver. The Tx beammay be indicated explicitly using an index or implicitly using a BRSport number. The transmitter may indicate a single Tx beam for oneCSI-RS symbol in order for the receiver to create a narrow Rx beam toreceive that symbol. The transmitter may also indicate two Tx beams forone CSI-RS symbol in order for the receiver to create dual-peak Rxnarrow beams to receive that symbol. The transmitter may indicate thesame Tx beam(s) for more than one CSI-RS symbols.

FIG. 4 provides another example of a transmission of reference signalconfigurations that may be received by the receiver 201. In the exampleprovided in FIG. 4, the reference signal configurations are partiallyrepeated in time. In this example, the transmit beams are formed in totwo groups labelled ‘group 0’ and ‘group 1’. Transmit beam ‘group 0’comprises a set of beams corresponding to a channel cluster 0 and isrepeated in time. Transmit beam ‘group 1’ comprises another set of beamsand corresponds to the channel cluster 0 and 1 in the first and thesecond CSI-RS symbols, respectively.

In the example provided in FIG. 4, the receiver 201, via the receivebeam formation logic 205, may use a single main-lobe receive beampattern at the CSI-RS symbol #1 matched to the channel cluster 0, and itmay use a dual main-lobe receive beam pattern at the CSI-RS symbol #0.The channel conditions measured at the CSI-RS symbol #1 represents asingle-beam communication and the channel conditions measured at theCSI-RS symbol #0 represents a dual-beam MIMO communication. An exampleadvantage of the reference signal configurations formation provided inFIG. 4 is that less signalling is required between the transmitter andthe receiver as only two CSI-RS are provided within the subframe 400. Anexample advantage of the reference signal configurations formationprovided in FIG. 3 is that a larger number of distinct CSI-RSconfigurations and, hence, individual transmit beams, can be tested forthe dual-beam reception case.

FIG. 5 provides yet another example of a transmission of referencesignal configurations that may be received by the receiver 201. In theexample provided in FIG. 5, the reference signal configurations arerepeated with respect to frequency. All transmission beams at a certainfrequency sub-band, or frequency block, correspond to a first channelcluster ‘cc 0’. All transmission beams at another frequency sub-band, orfrequency block, correspond to a second channel cluster ‘cc 1’.

Thus, in the example provided by FIG. 5, the receive beam formationlogic 205 is to determine channel conditions using the sub-bands of theCSI-RS symbol corresponding to channel cluster 0 with a single-main-lobebeam formation. The receive beam formation logic 205 is further todetermine channel conditions using the sub-bands of the CSI-RS symbolcorresponding to channel clusters 0 and 1 with an omnidirectional ormulti-main-lobe beam formation. This type of beam pattern matching isonly feasible with receivers that can simultaneously form differentreceive beam patterns in an FOV, where the beam patterns may change overfrequency. An example advantage of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5is that this will require the minimum number of CSI-RS symbols toachieve multi-beam MIMO.

Recommended Beam Formation and Feedback Messaging: Upon receiving thereference signal configurations using the different combinations of thetransmitting beam formations and corresponding receiving beamformations, the receive beam formation logic 205 may determine arecommended transmitting beam formation for the transmitter 101 to usefor future communications between the transmitter and receiver. Thisrecommendation may be made by determining channel conditions for each,or at least a subset, of the different combinations of the transmittingand receiving beam formations. It should be appreciated that thedetermination of the channel conditions may be similar to that describedunder the heading ‘Beam Acquisition’. Specifically, the determinationmay be based on appropriate channel or signal metric or measurementknown in the art.

According to some of the example embodiments, the recommendation may bebased on the combination of the receiving and transmitting beamformation corresponding to a most desirable determined channelcondition. For example, the combination yielding channel conditions of ahighest determined received signal strength. It should be appreciatedthat any other signal or channel metric may be utilized for determininga recommended combination of the receiving and transmitting beamformation.

According to some of the example embodiments, instead of a highestsignal metric or a most desirable determined channel condition, therecommended beam formation combination may be determined based on theany number of thresholds. For example, a threshold may be establishedfor a specific, or a group, of channel or signal metrics. Thus, once adetermined channel condition for a specific combination reaches such athreshold, this combination may be deemed the recommended receiving andtransmitting beam formation for future communications.

It should be appreciated that during the beam matching phase, thereceive beam formation logic 205 may be configured to update thedatabase of corresponding receiving beam formations provided during thebeam acquisition phase, as discussed under the heading ‘BeamAcquisition’. Specifically, the receive beam formation logic measuresbeam reference signal configurations and keeps track of each Tx beamwith the corresponding Rx beam for at least the best candidate Tx beam.By doing so the receive beam formation logic maintains the database ofTx/Rx beam pairs from which the receive beam formation logic may get thebest Rx beam for a corresponding Tx beam.

Once the receiver 201, via the receive beam formation logic 205, hasdetermined the channel conditions for the different combinations of thetransmitting and receiving beam formations, and a recommendation as towhich transmitting and receiving beam formation should be used is made,the recommendation may be transmitted to the transmitter 101 or thetransmit beam formation logic 105. This recommendation may be providedin a feedback message.

According to some of the example embodiments, the feedback message mayalso comprise a beam selector, rank indicator, a Channel QualityIndicator (CQI), and/or a Pre-coding Matrix Indicator (PMI), for therecommended transmitting beam formation or each recommended transmittingbeam formation.

Returning to the example provided in FIG. 3, if the receiver recommendsa single beam transmission, it shall report a single beam selector thatselects the best beam from CSI-RS symbol ‘#2’. If the receiverrecommends dual beam transmission, it shall report two beam selectors.The first beam selector selects a beam from CSI-RS symbol ‘#1’ and thesecond beam selector selects a beam from CSI-RS symbol ‘#0’.

Example Configuration: FIG. 6 illustrates an example configuration ofthe receive beam formation logic 205 for use in a receiver 201.According to some of the example embodiments, the receiver, from whichthe receive beam formation logic may form part of, may be or form a partof a user equipment, a wireless relay node or a pico base station. Thereceive beam formation logic 205 may comprise receiving circuitry 207and sending circuitry 209 that may receive and transmit any form ofcommunications or control signals within a network. The receive beamformation logic 205 may alternatively comprise a single transceivingcomponent or any number of receiving and/or transmitting components.

The receive beam formation logic 205 may further comprise at least onememory 213 that may be in communication with the receiving circuitry 207and the sending circuitry 209. The memory 213 may store received ortransmitted data and/or executable program instructions. The memory mayalso store information relating to measured reference signalconfigurations or preferred transmitting and receiving beam formationpairings. The memory 213 may be any suitable type of machine readablemedium and may be of a volatile and/or non-volatile type.

The receive beam formation logic 205 may also comprise processingcircuitry 211 that may be configured to process received referencesignal configurations and measure corresponding channel conditions. Theprocessing circuitry 211 may be any suitable computation logic, forexample, a microprocessor, digital signal processor (DSP), fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), or application specific integratedcircuitry (ASIC) or any other form of circuitry.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example node configuration of a transmit beamformation logic 105 for use in a transmitter 101. According to some ofthe example embodiments, the transmitter, from which the transmit beamformation logic forms a part of, may be or form a part of a basestation, a user equipment, or a macro base station. The transmit beamformation logic 105 may comprise receiving circuitry 107 and sendingcircuitry 109 which may receive and transmit any form of communicationsor control signals within a network. The transmit beam formation logic105 may alternatively comprise a single transceiving component or anynumber of receiving and/or transmitting components.

The transmit beam formation logic 105 may further comprise at least onememory 113 that may be in communication with the receiving circuitry 107and the sending circuitry 109. The memory 113 may store received ortransmitted data and/or executable program instructions. The memory mayalso store information relating to measured reference signalconfigurations or preferred transmitting and receiving beam formationpairings. The memory 113 may be any suitable type of machine readablemedium and may be of a volatile and/or non-volatile type.

The transmit beam formation logic 105 may also comprise processingcircuitry 111 which may be configured to process received informationrelated to recommend beam formations and reference signal measurementinstructions. The processing circuitry 111 may be any suitablecomputation logic, for example, a microprocessor, digital signalprocessor (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or applicationspecific integrated circuitry (ASIC) or any other form of circuitry.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to someexample embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readableor computer-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage) andperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Storageherein may refer to at least one or more of a chip, stick, circuitry,optical storage, medium, device, etc. It should be appreciated that thecomponents of FIG. 8 may be featured in the receiver 201, receive beamformation logic 205, transmitter 101 and/or the transmit beam formationlogic 105.

FIG. 8 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 800including one or more processors (or processor cores) 810, one or morememory/storage devices 820, and one or more communication resources 830,each of which are communicatively coupled via a bus 840.

The processors 810 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reducedinstruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digitalsignal processor (DSP) such as a baseband processor, an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit(RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) mayinclude, for example, a processor 812 and a processor 814. Thememory/storage devices 820 may include main memory, disk storage, or anysuitable combination thereof.

The communication resources 830 may include interconnection and/ornetwork interface components or other suitable devices to communicatewith one or more peripheral devices 804 and/or one or more databases 806via a network 808. For example, the communication resources 830 mayinclude wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via aUniversal Serial Bus (USB)), cellular communication components, NearField Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g.,Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communicationcomponents.

Instructions 850 may comprise software, a program, an application, anapplet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of theprocessors 810 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussedherein. The instructions 850 may reside, completely or partially, withinat least one of the processors 810 (e.g., within the processor's cachememory), the memory/storage devices 820, or any suitable combinationthereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 850 may betransferred to the hardware resources 800 from any combination of theperipheral devices 804 and/or the databases 806. Accordingly, the memoryof processors 810, the memory/storage devices 820, the peripheraldevices 804, and the databases 806 are examples of computer-readable andmachine-readable media.

FIG. 8A illustrates, for one embodiment, example components of a UEdevice 900 in accordance with some embodiments. The UE device 900 maycomprise the transmit beam formation logic 105, where in such cases theUE device 900 functions as a transmitter 101. The UE device 900 maycomprise the receive formation logic 205, where in such cases the UEdevice 900 functions as a receiver 201.

In some embodiments, the UE device 900 may include application circuitry902, baseband circuitry 904, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 906,front-end module (FEM) circuitry 908, and one or more antennas 910,coupled together at least as shown. In some embodiments, the UE device900 may include additional elements such as, for example,memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/or input/output (I/O)interface.

The application circuitry 902 may include one or more applicationprocessors. For example, the application circuitry 902 may includecircuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core ormulti-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination ofgeneral-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphicsprocessors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupledwith and/or may include memory/storage and may be configured to executeinstructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applicationsand/or operating systems to run on the system.

The baseband circuitry 904 may include circuitry such as, but notlimited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. Thebaseband circuitry 904 may include one or more baseband processorsand/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receivesignal path of the RF circuitry 906 and to generate baseband signals fora transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 906. Baseband processingcircuitry 904 may interface with the application circuitry 902 forgeneration and processing of the baseband signals and for controllingoperations of the RF circuitry 906. For example, in some embodiments,the baseband circuitry 904 may include a second generation (2G) basebandprocessor 904 a, third generation (3G) baseband processor 904 b, fourthgeneration (4G) baseband processor 904 c, and/or other basebandprocessor(s) 904 d for other existing generations, generations indevelopment or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation(5G), 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry 904 (e.g., one or more ofbaseband processors 904 a-d) may handle various radio control functionsthat enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RFcircuitry 906. The radio control functions may include, but are notlimited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radiofrequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulationcircuitry of the baseband circuitry 904 may include Fast-FourierTransform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demappingfunctionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of thebaseband circuitry 904 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution,turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoderfunctionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation andencoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and mayinclude other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 904 may include elements ofa protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an EUTRAN protocolincluding, for example, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC),radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP),and/or RRC elements. A central processing unit (CPU) 904 e of thebaseband circuitry 904 may be configured to run elements of the protocolstack for signalling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. Insome embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audiodigital signal processor(s) (DSP) 904 f. The audio DSP(s) 904 f may beinclude elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation andmay include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in asingle chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board insome embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituentcomponents of the baseband circuitry 904 and the application circuitry902 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on achip (SOC).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 904 may provide forcommunication compatible with one or more radio technologies. Forexample, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 904 may supportcommunication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network(EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), awireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network(WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 904 is configured tosupport radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may bereferred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 906 may enable communication with wireless networks usingmodulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. Invarious embodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include switches, filters,amplifiers, etc., to facilitate the communication with the wirelessnetwork. RF circuitry 906 may include a receive signal path which mayinclude circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEMcircuitry 908 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry904. RF circuitry 906 may also include a transmit signal path which mayinclude circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by thebaseband circuitry 904 and provide RF output signals to the FEMcircuitry 908 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include a receive signalpath and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RFcircuitry 906 may include mixer circuitry 906 a, amplifier circuitry 906b and filter circuitry 906 c. The transmit signal path of the RFcircuitry 906 may include filter circuitry 906 c and mixer circuitry 906a. RF circuitry 906 may also include synthesizer circuitry 906 d forsynthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 906 a of thereceive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments,the mixer circuitry 906 a of the receive signal path may be configuredto down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 908 based onthe synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 906 d. Theamplifier circuitry 906 b may be configured to amplify thedown-converted signals and the filter circuitry 906 c may be a low-passfilter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwantedsignals from the down-converted signals to generate output basebandsignals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the basebandcircuitry 904 for further processing. In some embodiments, the outputbaseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although thisis not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 906 a of thereceive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope ofthe embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906 a of the transmit signalpath may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on thesynthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 906 d togenerate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 908. The basebandsignals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 904 and may befiltered by filter circuitry 906 c. The filter circuitry 906 c mayinclude a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodimentsis not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906 a of the receive signalpath and the mixer circuitry 906 a of the transmit signal path mayinclude two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedownconversion and/or upconversion respectively. In some embodiments,the mixer circuitry 906 a of the receive signal path and the mixercircuitry 906 a of the transmit signal path may include two or moremixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley imagerejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 906 a of thereceive signal path and the mixer circuitry 906 a may be arranged fordirect downconversion and/or direct upconversion, respectively. In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 906 a of the receive signal path andthe mixer circuitry 906 a of the transmit signal path may be configuredfor super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input basebandsignals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signalsmay be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RFcircuitry 906 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) anddigital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry904 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RFcircuitry 906.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope ofthe embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 906 d may be afractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other typesof frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizercircuitry 906 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequencymultiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with afrequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 906 d may be configured to synthesize anoutput frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 906 a of the RFcircuitry 906 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. Insome embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 906 d may be a fractionalN/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Dividercontrol input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 904 orthe applications processor 902 depending on the desired outputfrequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may bedetermined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by theapplications processor 902.

Synthesizer circuitry 906 d of the RF circuitry 906 may include adivider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phaseaccumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulusdivider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phaseaccumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured todivide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out)to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, theDLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phasedetector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments,the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Ndequal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in thedelay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to helpensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 906 d may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrierfrequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrierfrequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and dividercircuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency withmultiple different phases with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In someembodiments, the RF circuitry 906 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 908 may include a receive signal path which may includecircuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or moreantennas 910, amplify the received signals and provide the amplifiedversions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 906 for furtherprocessing. FEM circuitry 908 may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify signals fortransmission provided by the RF circuitry 906 for transmission by one ormore of the one or more antennas 910.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 908 may include a TX/RX switch toswitch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noiseamplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplifiedreceived RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 906). Thetransmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 908 may include a poweramplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RFcircuitry 906), and one or more filters to generate RF signals forsubsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or moreantennas 910.

In some embodiments, the UE 900 comprises a plurality of power savingmechanisms. If the UE 900 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it isstill connected to the eNB as it expects to receive traffic shortly,then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX)after a period of inactivity. During this state, the device may powerdown for brief intervals of time and thus save power.

If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time,then the UE 900 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where itdisconnects from the network and does not perform operations such aschannel quality feedback, handover, etc. The UE 900 goes into a very lowpower state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes upto listen to the network and then powers down again. The device cannotreceive data in this state, in order to receive data, it must transitionback to RRC_Connected state.

An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable tothe network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging fromseconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totallyunreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sentduring this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay isacceptable.

Example Operations: FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting exampleoperations which may be taken by the transmitter 101, transmit beamformation logic 105, receiver 201 and receive beam formation logic 205of FIGS. 1 and 6-8. FIG. 9 provides an overview of the beam matching orbeam tracking procedure between the receiver and transmitter.

Operation 1: The transmitter repeats a set of CSI-RS in time, within atime window. The time window can be shorter than an expected coherencetime of the channel spatial structure Such repetition may be achieved byconfiguring identical sets of CSI-RS with identical Tx beams in each ofthe repeated CSI-RS symbols. The number of repetitions may depend on thereceiver beamforming capability, which may be optionally indicated bythe receiver. In addition, the transmitter 101 requests one or more thanone CSI report associated with the repeated set of CSI-RS. The reportmay comprise one or more CSIs, each of which is associated with one ormore CSI-RS within the set. The transmitter may also indicate thelocation and configuration of the CSI-RS to the receiver via controlsignals.

Operation 2: The receiver 201 receives each of the repeated CSI-RSsymbols with a different Rx beam pattern or beam formation. As anexample, if two repeated symbols are available, the receiver may choosea single-main-lobe pattern for one symbol and a dual-main-lobe patternfor the other symbol. If the receiver supports omnidirectional beampattern, the candidate Rx beam patterns may comprise the omnidirectionalpattern. The receiver may utilize the relationship between BRS and theCSI-RS, if available, to deduce the Rx beam(s) for each CSI-RS symbol.

Operation 3: The receiver 201 computes a received signal quality metricfor each received CSI-RS or a combination thereof, according to the CSIreport format associated with the report request. Thus, if a CSI-RS isrepeated twice, then two metrics are computed, each associated with adistinct Rx beam pattern as per Operation 2. The received signal qualitymetric may represent the expected spectral efficiency with respect tothe candidate Tx beam(s) adopted for the CSI-RS(s) and the Rx beam(s)adopted for the CSI-RS symbol. One such practical metric is the mutualinformation between transmitted and received versions of the referencesignal configurations.

Operation 4: The receiver 201 chooses the Rx beam pattern that meets apredetermined metric, for example, a predetermined quality metric. Anexample of such a quality metric may be a RX beam pattern that yieldsthe highest (best) quality metric among all metrics computed for therequested CSI report. If two beam patterns yield the same highestmetric, then a preference may be given to the pattern with a smallernumber of main lobes.

Operation 5: The receiver 201 reports the CSIs associated with thechosen Rx beam pattern. This means that, while the best CSI with thechosen pattern is better than or equal to the best CSI with otherpatterns, this is not necessarily true for the other CSIs in the samereport.

Operation 6: The transmitter, after an agreed number of subframes,configures its Tx beams and, hence, the number of beams for datatransmission to the receiver according to the CSI report.

Operation 7: The receiver, at the subframe of the Operation 6,configures its Rx beam pattern and the beam for data reception accordingto the CSI report.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram depicting example operations which may betaken by the receive beam formation logic 205, for use in a receiver 201of FIGS. 1 and 6, in providing beam formation matching forcommunications between the receiver and the transmitter 101 in amultiple beam MIMO system. According to some of the example embodimentsthe transmitter-receiver pair may comprise a base station-userequipment, a first user equipment-a second user equipment, a basestation-wireless relay node, or a macro base station-pico base station.

It should be appreciated that the operations of FIG. 10 need not beperformed in order. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that not allof the operations need to be performed. The example operations may beperformed in any order and in any combination.

Operation 10

The receive beam formation logic 205 receives 10, from a transmit beamformation logic 105 for use in the transmitter 201, beam formationidentification information for at least two distinct transmitting beamformations. The receiving circuitry 207 or processing circuitry 211 ofthe beam formation logic 205 may be configured to receive, from atransmit beam formation logic 105 for use in the transmitter 201, beamformation identification information for at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. Operation 10 is further described under atleast the subheading ‘Beam Formation Identification’.

According to some of the example embodiments, the receive beam formationlogic 205 may use the beam formation identification information todetermine appropriate corresponding receiving beam formations forreceiving reference signal configurations transmitted by the transmitterusing the identified at least two distinct transmitting beam formations.

According to some of the example embodiments, the beam formationidentification information may comprise any one or more of (1) a numberof distinct transmitting beam formations, (2) a number of beams at eachof the transmitting beam formations, (3) one or more beam identifiersfor each of the transmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-timestructure of reference signal configurations, and (5) an indication of amapping of each transmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block ofa reference signal configurations, taken jointly and severally in anyand all permutations.

According to some of the example embodiments, at least a subset of thebeam formation identification information is provided in a DCI message,a UCI message or via RRC signalling.

Operation 12

The receive beam formation logic also determines 12 at least twodistinct receiving beam formations based on the beam formationidentification information. The processing circuitry 211 determines theat least two distinct receiving beam formations based on the beamformation identification information. Operation 12 is further describedunder at least the subheadings ‘Beam Acquisition’ and ‘Beam FormationIdentification’.

According to some of the example embodiments, the processing circuitryis configured to determine the at least two distinct receiving beamformations via a data retrieval from a receiver maintained beamdatabase. The beam database comprises a receiving beam formation for agiven transmitting beam formation. The database may be compiled via thereceive beam formation logic during a beam acquisition stage.

Operation 14

The receive beam formation logic further receives 14, from the transmitbeam formation logic, a plurality of reference signal configurationsusing different combinations of the at least two distinct transmittingand receiving beam formations. The receiving circuitry 207 or processingcircuitry 211 is configured to receive the plurality of reference signalconfigurations using different combinations of the at least two distincttransmitting and receiving beam formations. Operation 14 is furtherdescribed under at least the subheading ‘Beam Matching’.

According to some of the example embodiments, at least one referencesignal configurations is repeated in time and/or frequency. An exampleof reference signal configurations repeated in time is provided in atleast FIGS. 2 and 3. An example of reference signal configurationsrepeated in frequency is provided in at least FIGS. 2 and 5. Accordingto some of the example embodiments, the plurality of reference signalconfigurations comprise CSI-RS and/or BRS.

Operation 16

The receive beam formation logic further determines 16 channelconditions for each of the different combinations of the at least twodistinct transmitting and receiving beam formations. The processingcircuitry 211 determines the channel conditions for each of thedifferent combinations of the at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations. Operation 16 is further described under atleast the subheadings ‘Beam Acquisition’ and ‘Recommended Beam Formationand Feedback Messaging’.

According to some of the example embodiments, channel conditions may bemeasured for each of the possible combinations of the transmitting andreceiving beam formations. Examples of channel condition measurementsmay comprise a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Reference SignalReceived Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ),Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR),Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise plusDistortion ratio (SNDR), taken jointly and severally in any and allpermutations, as well as any other channel or signal metric known in theart.

Operation 18

The receive beam formation logic further determines 18 a recommendedtransmitting and receiving beam formation, of the at least two distincttransmitting and receiving beam formations, respectively, based on thedetermined channel conditions. The processing circuitry 211 determinesthe recommended transmitting and receiving beam formation, of the atleast two distinct transmitting and receiving beam formations,respectively, based on the determined channel conditions. Operation 18is further discussed under at least the subheading ‘Recommended BeamFormation and Feedback Messaging’.

According to some of the example embodiments, at least one of thedetermined channel conditions is received signal strength. In suchembodiments, the processing circuitry may further determine therecommended transmitting and receiving beam formation as the combinationof the receive and transmitting beam formation corresponding to ahighest determined received signal strength or a determined receivedsignal strength above a signal threshold. It should be appreciated thatany other signal or channel metric, apart from received signal strength,may be evaluated with respect to a threshold.

According to some of the example embodiments, not all of thecombinations need to be measured. For example, once a combination of atransmitting and receiving beam formation is determined to comprise asignal or channel metric meeting the threshold, such a combination maybe deemed to be the recommended combination and all other measurementsmay be halted.

Operation 20

The receive beam formation logic sends 20, to the transmit beamformation logic, a feedback message comprising the recommendedtransmitting beam formation. The recommended transmitting and receivingbeam formations are matched for communications between the transmitterand the receiver. The sending circuitry 209 or processing circuitry 211sends, to the transmit beam formation logic, the feedback messagecomprising the recommended transmitting beam formation. Operation 20 isfurther described under at least the subheading ‘Recommended BeamFormation and Feedback Messaging’.

According to some of the example embodiments, the feedback messagecomprises a rank indicator, CQI, and/or PMI for the recommendedtransmitting beam formation.

According to some of the example embodiments, the feedback message maycomprise a prescribed number of recommended transmitting beam formationsfor communications between the transmitter and the receiver. Forexample, the receiver or receive beam formation logic may furtherrecommend how many transmission beams should be used simultaneously forcommunications between the transmitter and receiver.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram depicting example operations that may be takenby the transmit beam formation logic 105, for use in a transmitter 101of FIGS. 1 and 7, in providing beam formation matching forcommunications between the receiver and the transmitter 101 in amultiple beam MIMO system. According to some of the example embodimentsthe transmitter-receiver pair may comprise a base station-userequipment, a first user equipment-a second user equipment, a basestation-wireless relay node, or a macro base station-pico base station.

It should be appreciated that the operations of FIG. 11 need not beperformed in order. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that not allof the operations need to be performed. The example operations may beperformed in any order and in any combination.

Operation 30

The transmit beam formation logic 105 sends 30, to a receive beamformation logic 205, beam formation identification information for atleast two distinct transmitting beam formations. The sending circuitry109 or processing circuitry 111 sends, to the receive beam formationlogic 205, beam formation identification information for at least twodistinct transmitting beam formations. Operation 30 is further describedunder at least subheading ‘Beam Formation Identification’.

According to some of the example embodiments, the beam formationidentification information may comprise any one or more of (1) a numberof distinct transmitting beam formations, (2) a number of beams at eachof the transmitting beam formations, (3) one or more beam identifiersfor each of the transmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-timestructure of reference signal configurations, and (5) an indication of amapping of each transmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block ofa reference signal configurations taken jointly and severally in any andall permutations.

According to some of the example embodiments, at least a subset of thebeam formation identification information is provided in a DCI message,a UCI message or via RRC signalling.

Operation 32

The transmit beam formation logic 105 sends 32, to the receive beamformation logic 205, a plurality of reference signal configurations inthe at least two distinct transmitting beam formations for testingchannel conditions for the at least two distinct transmitting beamformations. The sending circuitry 109 or processing circuitry 111 sends,to the receive beam formation logic 205, the plurality of referencesignal configurations in the at least two distinct transmitting beamformations for testing channel conditions for the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. Operation 32 is described further under atleast the subheading ‘Beam Matching’.

According to some of the example embodiments, at least two of theplurality of reference signal configurations are repeated in time and/orfrequency. An example of reference signal configurations repeated intime is provided in at least FIGS. 2 and 3. An example of referencesignal configurations repeated in frequency is provided in at leastFIGS. 2 and 5. According to some of the example embodiments, theplurality of reference signal configurations comprise CSI-RS and/or BRS.

Operation 34

The transmit beam formation logic 105 further receives 34, from thereceive beam formation logic, a feedback message comprising arecommended transmitting beam formation of the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. The recommended transmitting beamformation is matched to a receiving beam formation for communicationsbetween the transmitter and the receiver. The receiving circuitry 107 orprocessing circuitry 111 receives, from the receive beam formation logic205, the feedback message comprising the recommended transmitting beamformation of the at least two distinct transmitting beam formations.Operation 34 is further described under at least the subheading‘Recommended Beam Formation and Feedback Messaging’.

According to some of the example embodiments, the feedback messagecomprises a rank indicator, CQI, and/or PMI for the recommendedtransmitting beam formation.

According to some of the example embodiments, the feedback messagecomprises a prescribed number of recommended transmitting beamformations for communications between the transmitter and the receiver.For example, the receiver or receive beam formation logic may furtherrecommend how many transmission beams should be used simultaneously forcommunications between the transmitter and receiver.

Working Examples: Further example embodiments are provided according tothe following numbered examples:

Example 1A: Example 1A includes a receive beam formation logic, for usein a receiver, for beam formation matching for communications betweenthe receiver and a transmitter in a multiple beam Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) system. The receive beam formation logiccomprises receive logic to receive, from a transmit beam formation logicfor use in the transmitter, beam formation identification informationfor at least two distinct transmitting beam formations. The receive beamformation logic also comprises processing circuitry to determine atleast two distinct receiving beam formations based on the beam formationidentification information. The receiving beam formation logic furthercomprises receive logic to receive, from the transmit beam formationlogic, a plurality of reference signal configurations using differentcombinations of the at least two distinct transmitting and receivingbeam formations.

The processing circuitry determines channel conditions for each of thedifferent combinations of the at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations. Furthermore, the processing circuitrydetermines a recommended transmitting and receiving beam formation, ofthe at least two distinct transmitting and receiving beam formations,respectively, based on the determined channel conditions. The receivebeam formation logic further comprises sending circuitry to output, tothe transmit beam formation logic, a feedback message comprising therecommended transmitting beam formation, wherein said recommendedtransmitting and receiving beam formations are matched forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 1: Example 1 includes a receive beam formation logic, for use ina wireless receiver, in a multiple beam MIMO system comprisingprocessing circuitry to process channel conditions of a plurality ofreference signal configurations received in each of a plurality ofdifferent combinations of at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations to determine a recommended transmitting andreceiving beam formation for communications between the wirelessreceiver and a transmitter of the multiple beam MIMO system.

Example 2: In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 or any of theExamples described herein may further comprise at least one referencesignal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 3: In Example 3, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-2 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise the processingcircuitry to process received beam formation identification informationcomprising any one or more of (1) a number of distinct transmitting beamformations, (2) a number of beams at each of the transmitting beamformations, (3) one or more beam identifiers for each of thetransmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-time structure of referencesignal configurations, and (5) an indication of a mapping of eachtransmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block of a referencesignal configurations taken jointly and severally in any and allpermutations.

Example 4: In Example 4, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise at least asubset of received beam formation identification information beingprovided in a Downlink Control Information (DCI) message, an UplinkControl Information (UCI) message, or Radio Resource Control (RRC)signalling.

Example 5: In Example 5, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise the pluralityof reference signal configurations comprising Channel StateInformation—Reference Signals (CSI-RS) and/or Beamforming ReferenceSignals (BRS).

Example 6: In Example 6, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise the processingcircuitry being further configured to determine the at least twodistinct receiving beam formations via a data retrieval from a receivermaintained beam database, said beam database comprising a receiving beamformation for a given transmitting beam formation.

Example 7: In Example 7, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-6 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise at least oneof the determined channel conditions being received signal strength, theprocessing circuitry to determine the recommended transmitting andreceiving beam formation as the combination of the receiving andtransmitting beam formation corresponding to a highest determinedreceived signal strength or a determined received signal strength abovea signal threshold.

Example 8: In Example 8, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-7 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise the processingcircuitry to send, to the transmitter, a feedback message comprising thecomprising the recommended transmitting beam formation, the feedbackmessage further comprising a number of (or an identification of) arecommended number of recommended transmitting beam formations forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 9: In Example 9, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-8 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise the processingcircuitry to send, to the transmitter, a feedback message comprising thecomprising the recommended transmitting beam formation, the feedbackmessage further comprising a rank indicator, Channel Quality Indicator(CQI) and/or a Pre-coding Matrix Indicator (PMI), taken jointly andseverally in any and all permutations, for the recommended transmittingbeam formation.

Example 10: In Example 10, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-9 orany of the Examples described herein may further comprise a transmitterand receiver communication pair comprising a base station and a userequipment, a first user equipment and a second user equipment, a basestation and a wireless relay node, or a macro base station and a picobase station.

Example 11A: Example 11A includes a transmit beam formation logic, foruse in a transmitter, for beam formation matching for communicationsbetween the transmitter and a receiver in a multiple beam Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) system. The transmission beam formation logiccomprises sending circuitry to send, to a receive beam formation logicfor use in the receiver, beam formation identification information forat least two distinct transmitting beam formations. The sendingcircuitry to send, to the receive beam formation logic, a plurality ofreference signal configurations in the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations for testing channel conditions for the atleast two distinct transmitting beam formations.

The transmit beam formation logic further comprises receive logic toreceive, from the receive beam formation logic, a feedback messagecomprising a recommended transmitting beam formation of the at least twodistinct transmitting beam formations, wherein said recommendedtransmitting beam formation is matched to a receiving beam formation forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 11: Example 11 includes a transmit beam formation logic, for usein a transmitter, in a multiple beam MIMO system comprising processingcircuitry. The processing circuitry to send, to a receiving beamformation unit for use in a receiver, a plurality of reference signalconfigurations in at least two distinct transmitting beam formations.The processing circuitry further to receive, from the receiving beamformation unit, a feedback message comprising a recommended transmittingbeam formation of the at least two distinct transmitting beamformations, wherein the recommended transmitting beam formation ismatched to a receiving beam formation for communications between thetransmitter and the receiver.

Example 12: In Example 12, the subject matter of Examples 11 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprise at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 13: In Example 13, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-12or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise theprocessing circuitry to send beam formation identification informationcomprising any one or more of (1) a number of distinct transmitting beamformations, (2) a number of beams at each of the transmitting beamformations, (3) one or more beam identifiers for each of thetransmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-time structure of referencesignal configurations, and (5) an indication of a mapping of eachtransmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block of a referencesignal configuration taken jointly and severally in any and allpermutations.

Example 14: In Example 14, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-13or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise theprocessing circuitry to send beam formation identification information,at least a subset of the beam formation identification information isprovided in a Downlink Control Information (DCI) message, an UplinkControl Information (UCI) message, or Radio Resource Control (RRC)signalling.

Example 15: In Example 15, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-14or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise theplurality of reference signal configurations comprising CSI-RS and/orBRS.

Example 16: In Example 16, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-15or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise thefeedback message further comprising a number of (or an identificationof) a recommended number of recommended transmitting beam formations forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 17: In Example 17, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-16or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise thefeedback message further comprising a rank indicator, CQI, and/or a PMI,taken jointly and severally in any and all permutations, for therecommended transmitting beam formation.

Example 18: In Example 18, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-17or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise atransmitter and receiver communication pair comprising a base stationand a user equipment, a first user equipment and a second userequipment, a base station and a wireless relay node, or a macro basestation and a pico base station.

Example 19: Example 19 includes a wireless receiver, comprising areceive beam formation logic, for beam formation matching forcommunications for communications between the receiver and a transmitterin a multiple beam MIMO system. The wireless receiver comprises atouchscreen configured to receive input from a user for processing bythe wireless receiver. The wireless receiver further comprises receivelogic to receive, from a transmit beam formation logic for use in thetransmitter, beam formation identification information for at least twodistinct transmitting beam formations. The wireless receiver furthercomprises processing circuitry to determine at least two distinctreceiving beam formations based on the beam formation identificationinformation.

The receive logic receives, from the transmit beam formation logic, aplurality of reference signal configurations using differentcombinations of the at least two distinct transmitting and receivingbeam formations. The processing circuitry determines channel conditionsfor each of the different combinations of the at least two distincttransmitting and receiving beam formations. The processing circuitrydetermines a recommended transmitting and receiving beam formation, ofthe at least two distinct transmitting and receiving beam formations,respectively, based on the determined channel conditions.

The wireless receiver further comprises sending circuitry to send, tothe transmit beam formation logic, a feedback message comprising therecommended transmitting beam formation, wherein said recommendedtransmitting and receiving beam formations are matched forcommunications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 19A: In Example 19A, the subject matter of Example 19 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprises at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 20: Example 20 includes a computer-readable storing machinecomprising executable instructions such that when executed by a receivebeam formation logic cause the receive beam formation logic to receive,from a transmit beam formation logic for use in the transmitter, beamformation identification information for at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. The receive beam formation logic is alsocaused to determine at least two distinct receiving beam formationsbased on the beam formation identification information. The receive beamformation logic is further caused to receive, from the transmit beamformation logic, a plurality of reference signal configurations usingdifferent combinations of the at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations.

The receive beam formation logic is also caused to determine channelconditions for each of the different combinations of the at least twodistinct transmitting and receiving beam formations. The receive beamformation logic is further caused to determine a recommendedtransmitting and receiving beam formation, of the at least two distincttransmitting and receiving beam formations, respectively, based on thedetermined channel conditions. The receive beam formation logic isadditionally caused to send, to the transmit beam formation logic, afeedback message comprising the recommended transmitting beam formation,wherein said recommended transmitting and receiving beam formations arematched for communications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 21: In Example 21, the subject matter of Example 20 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprises at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 22: In Example 22, the subject matter of any of Examples 20-21or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise the beamformation information comprising any one or more of (1) a number ofdistinct transmitting beam formations, (2) a number of beams at each ofthe transmitting beam formations, (3) one or more beam identifiers foreach of the transmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-time structureof reference signal configurations, and (5) an indication of a mappingof each transmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block of areference signal configuration, taken jointly and severally in any andall permutations.

Example 23: In Example 23, the subject matter of any of Examples 20-22or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise theplurality of reference signal configurations comprising CSI-RS and/orBRS.

Example 24: Example 24 includes a computer-readable storing machinecomprising executable instructions such that when executed by a transmitbeam formation logic cause the transmit beam formation logic to send, toa receive beam formation logic for use in the receiver, beam formationidentification information for at least two distinct transmitting beamformations. The transmit beam formation logic is further caused to send,to the receive beam formation logic, a plurality of reference signalconfigurations in the at least two distinct transmitting beam formationsfor testing channel conditions for the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. The transmit beam formation logic is alsocaused to receive, from the receive beam formation logic, a feedbackmessage comprising a recommended transmitting beam formation of the atleast two distinct transmitting beam formations, wherein saidrecommended transmitting beam formation is matched to a receiving beamformation for communications between the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 25: In Example 25, the subject matter of Example 24 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprise at least onereference signal configuration being repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 26: In Example 26, the subject matter of any of Examples 24-25or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise the beamformation information comprising any one or more of (1) a number ofdistinct transmitting beam formations, (2) a number of beams at each ofthe transmitting beam formations, (3) one or more beam identifiers foreach of the transmitting beam formations, (4) frequency-time structureof reference signal configurations, and (5) an indication of a mappingof each transmitting beam formation to a frequency-time block of areference signal configuration taken jointly and severally in any andall permutations.

Example 27: In Example 27, the subject matter of any of Examples 24-26or any of the Examples described herein may further comprise theplurality of reference signal configurations comprising CSI-RS and/orBRS.

Example 28: Example 28 includes a method, in a receive beam formationlogic, for beam formation matching form communications between areceiver and a transmitter in a multiple beam MIMO system. The methodcomprises receiving, from a transmit beam formation logic for use in thetransmitter, beam formation identification information for at least twodistinct transmitting beam formations. The method further comprisesdetermining at least two distinct receiving beam formations based on thebeam formation identification information. The method also comprisesreceiving, from the transmit beam formation logic, a plurality ofreference signal configurations using different combinations of the atleast two distinct transmitting and receiving beam formations. Themethod additionally comprises determining channel conditions for each ofthe different combinations of the at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations.

The method also comprises determining a recommended transmitting andreceiving beam formation of the at least two distinct transmitting andreceiving beam formations, respectively, based on the determined channelconditions. The method further comprises sending, to the transmit beamformation logic, a feedback message comprising the recommendedtransmitting beam formation, wherein said recommended transmitting andreceiving beam formations are matched for communications between thetransmitter and the receiver.

Example 28A: In Example 28A, the subject matter of Example 28 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprise at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 29: Example 29 includes a method, in a transmit beam formationlogic, for beam formation matching form communications between thetransmitter and a receiver in a multiple beam MIMO system. The methodcomprises sending, to a receive beam formation logic for use in thereceiver, beam formation identification information for at least twodistinct transmitting beam formations. The method also comprisessending, to the receive beam formation logic, a plurality of referencesignal configurations in the at least two distinct transmitting beamformations for testing channel conditions for the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations. The method further comprises receiving,from the receive beam formation logic, a feedback message comprising arecommended transmitting beam formation of the at least two distincttransmitting beam formations, wherein said recommended transmitting beamformation is matched to a receiving beam formation for communicationsbetween the transmitter and the receiver.

Example 29A: In Example 29A, the subject matter of Example 29 or any ofthe Examples described herein may further comprises at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time and/or frequency.

Example 30: Example 30 includes a receiver comprising the receive beamformation logic of any of Examples 1-10 or any other Example describedherein.

Example 31: Example 31 includes a transmitter comprising the transmitbeam formation logic of any of Examples 11-18 or any other Exampledescribed herein.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words“comprise” and “contain” and variations of them mean “including but notlimited to”, and they are not intended to (and do not) exclude othermoieties, additives, components, integers or steps. Throughout thedescription and claims of this specification, the singular encompassesthe plural unless the context otherwise requires. In particular, wherethe indefinite article is used, the specification is to be understood ascontemplating plurality as well as singularity, unless the contextrequires otherwise.

Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties orgroups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, of theembodiments are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect,embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith.All of the features disclosed in this specification (including anyaccompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps ofany method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination,except combinations where at least some of such features and/or stepsare mutually exclusive. The invention is not restricted to the detailsof any foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel one, orany novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification(including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to anynovel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method orprocess so disclosed.

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A processor of a user equipment (UE) configured toperform operations, comprising: receiving reference signalconfigurations, each reference signal configuration corresponding to onetransmitter beam; selecting a transmitter beam based on at leastreceived reference signals corresponding to the reference signalconfigurations; and transmitting a message comprising an indication ofthe selected transmitter beam to a base station.
 26. The processor ofclaim 24, wherein the indication of the selected transmitter beamcomprises an indication of a CSI-reference signal (CSI-RS) received bythe UE.
 27. The processor of claim 24, wherein the operations furthercomprise: receiving beam identification information comprising anindication that at least one reference signal configuration is repeatedin time or frequency.
 28. The processor of claim 27, wherein thereference signal configurations and the beam identification informationis received in a same message.
 29. The processor of claim 24, whereinthe operations further comprise: determining, prior to the selecting thetransmitter beam, a parameter associated with each of the transmitterbeams, wherein selecting the transmitter beam is further based on theparameter.
 30. The processor of claim 29, wherein the parameter is oneof a reference signal received power (RSRP) or a signal interference tonoise ratio (SINR).
 31. The processor of claim 24, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving control information comprising anindication of a type of channel state information (CSI) reportingconfiguration, wherein the message is a CSI report generated inaccordance with the CSI reporting configuration.
 32. A user equipment(UE), comprising: radio frequency (RF) circuitry configured tocommunicate with a network; and a processor communicatively coupled tothe RF circuitry and configured to perform operations comprising:receiving reference signal configurations, each reference signalconfiguration corresponding to one transmitter beam; selecting atransmitter beam based on at least received reference signalscorresponding to the reference signal configurations; and transmitting amessage comprising an indication of the selected transmitter beam to abase station.
 33. The UE of claim 32, wherein the indication of theselected transmitter beam comprises an indication of a CSI-referencesignal (CSI-RS) received by the UE.
 34. The UE of claim 32, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving beam identification informationcomprising an indication that at least one reference signalconfiguration is repeated in time or frequency.
 35. The UE of claim 32,wherein the operations further comprise: determining, prior to theselecting the transmitter beam, a parameter associated with each of thetransmitter beams, wherein selecting the transmitter beam is furtherbased on the parameter.
 36. The UE of claim 35, wherein the parameter isreference signal received power (RSRP).
 37. The UE of claim 35, whereinthe parameter is signal interference to noise ratio (SINR).
 38. The UEof claim 32, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving controlinformation comprising an indication of a type of channel stateinformation (CSI) reporting configuration, wherein the message is a CSIreport generated in accordance with the CSI reporting configuration. 39.One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprisinginstructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of theinstructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, toperform operations, comprising: receiving reference signalconfigurations, each reference signal configuration corresponding to onetransmitter beam; selecting a transmitter beam based on at leastreceived reference signals corresponding to the reference signalconfigurations; and transmitting a message comprising an indication ofthe selected transmitter beam to a base station.
 40. The non-transitorycomputer readable media of claim 39, wherein the indication of theselected transmitting beam comprises an indication of a CSI-referencesignal (CSI-RS).
 41. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim39, wherein the operations further comprise: receiving beam formationidentification information comprising an indication that at least onereference signal configuration is repeated in time or frequency.
 42. Thenon-transitory computer readable media of claim 39, wherein theoperations further comprise: determining, prior to the selecting thetransmitter beam, a parameter associated with each of the transmitterbeams, wherein selecting the transmitter beam is further based on theparameter.
 43. The non-transitory computer readable media of claim 42,wherein the parameter is one of reference signal received power (RSRP)or signal interference to noise ratio (SINR).
 44. The non-transitorycomputer readable media of claim 39, the operations further comprising:receiving control information comprising an indication of a type ofchannel state information (CSI) reporting configuration, wherein themessage is a CSI report generated in accordance with the CSI reportingconfiguration.